http://arrakis.cs.washington.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/paper.pdf удобно >We have designed and implemented a new operating system, Arrakis, that splits the traditional role of the kernel in two. Applications have direct access to virtualized I/O devices, allowing most I/O operations to skip the kernel entirely, while the kernel is re-engineered to provide network and disk protection without kernel mediation of every operation. We describe the hardware and software changes needed to take advantage of this new abstraction, and we illustrate its power by showing improvements of 2-5× in latency and 9× in throughput for a popular persistent NoSQL store relative to a well-tuned Linux implementation.